Micro-scale heterogeneity in urban forest soils affects fine root foraging by ornamental seedlings of Buddhist pine and Northeast yew

Urban soils are frequently characterized by a strong heterogeneity caused by intense anthropogenic activity and land use changes. Soil heterogeneity is commonly known to affect tree root development, but little has been detected concerning root foraging by ornamental trees in heterogeneous urban soils at micro-scale. In this study, Buddhist pine [Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don] and Northeast yew (Taxus cuspidata S. et Z.) were selected as ornamental tree species for a two-year study. In the first-year, seedlings were cultured under contrasting photoperiods to generate different morphologies. In the second year, seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with soils collected from an urban forest. Controlled-release fertilizers (N-P₂O₅-K₂O, 14-13-13) were evenly broadcasted to a half patch of the pot (heterogeneity) or to both halves (homogeneity) on the surface 5 cm beneath the pot-top at the rate of 0.135 g N seedling⁻¹. In the fertilized heterogeneous patch, larger Buddhist pine seedlings had greater dry weight, length, surface area, volume, number of tips, and morphological foraging-precision in fine roots. Compared to Northeast yew seedlings under natural photoperiod in the first year, those under the extended photoperiod had larger size, greater fine root biomass, and length but lower foraging-precision in the second year. N and P concentrations in second-year fine roots mainly increased with the availability of patches generated by fertilization for both species. In conclusion, the ability to forage for nutrients by ornamental tree seedlings in heterogeneous urban forest soils was species-specific. Buddhist pine seedlings had higher foraging precision in heterogeneous urban soils than Northeast yew seedlings due to their response to the extended photoperiod during culture.     

南果梨周年干物质与氮磷钾积累动态

【目的】明确南果梨干物质积累特征和氮磷钾养分周年动态积累规律,为南果梨优化施肥量和施肥时期提供依据。【方法】以12年生南果梨树为试材,采用田间采样和树体分解方法,分别于萌芽后10 d(萌芽期)、 30 d(花期)、 65 d(幼果膨大期)、 100 d(果实膨大或新稍停止生长期)、 130 d(果实着色前)、 155 d(果实采收期)、 185 d(采收后)、 210 d(落叶前)8个生育期,选干周和树高一致的3株树,将树体连根从土壤中挖出,分出果实、 叶片、 枝条、 主干、 主根、 侧根、 须根,各器官单独称重,并取200 g左右的鲜样按清水、 洗涤剂、 清水、 1%盐酸、 3次去离子水冲洗、 杀青、 烘干后,电磨粉碎过0.15 mm筛,测定样品中氮、 磷、 钾含量。【结果】1)南果梨周年生育期内,树体干物质当年净积累量为18.4 kg/plant,干物质累积速率出现两次累积高峰,分别是幼果膨大期(0.15 kg/d)和采收期(0.11 kg/d)。2)南果梨树体总氮周年积累量为154.0~301.0 g,新生器官为0~116.2 g,果实膨大期达到最高;多年生器官氮积累量为154.0~194.8 g,落叶前达到最高。3)南果梨树体总磷周年积累量为17.1~37.2 g,果实着色前最高。其中新生器官为13.7 g,果实采收期最高;多年生器官为17.1~24.9 g,果实转色期最高。4)南果梨树体总钾周年积累量为27.9~174 g。新生器官钾为97.3 g,采收期最高;多年生器官钾为27.6~76.6 g,落叶前最高。5)产量大约为17 t/hm2的12年生南果梨从萌芽到落叶前树体当年氮磷钾的单株净累积量分别为146.2、 20.1、 146.1 g,折合1000 kg果实经济产量需吸收氮(N)、 磷(P)、 钾(K)5.4、 0.7、 5.4 kg。【结论】南果梨周年干物质单株积累总量为41.4 kg,当年净积累量为19.7 kg。南果梨干物质积累主要集中在花期到果实膨大期和果实转色到落叶前,分别占47.3% 和47.5%。南果梨从萌芽到落叶前氮、 磷、 钾的单株净累积量分别为146.2、 20.1、 146.1 g,每1000 kg果实经济产量需吸收氮(N)、 磷(P)、 钾(K)5.4、 0.7、 5.4 kg。从开花到果实膨大期和从果实着色到采收后30天对氮吸收分别占总氮累积量的39.0%和49.0%,而磷、 钾的累积从萌芽到开花较快,到果实膨大期磷的累积达67.4%,钾的累积达65.1%,果实膨大期是干物质和氮磷钾积累的关键时期。     

氮、磷添加对青藏高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳(Carbon,C)、氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应,提高养分管理水平及草地生态系统的养分平衡。本研究严格筛选出21篇文章(612项数据)进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析分析了不同施肥方式(氮添加、磷添加、氮磷添加)、不同施肥强度(轻度、中度、重度)对青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明：养分添加显著增加了青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P含量;氮添加对土壤的增加效应随施肥强度增加而增加,磷轻度施肥(20g·m^-2以下)处理、氮磷添加轻度施肥处理下的土壤C,N,P含量及化学计量比增加效果最好。本研究结果总体反映出氮、磷添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤产生积极影响,研究结果可为青藏高原草地生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

植物精油对广西灵山土鸡生长性能、养分消化率和血清抗体指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物精油对广西灵山土鸡生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清抗体指标的影响。将1 800只30日龄、体重(284.09±1.18)g、体况良好的广西灵山土鸡,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复200只鸡,空白对照组饲喂基础饲粮,混合植物精油组、抗生素组分别在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg混合植物精油、325 mg/kg金霉素。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:与对照组、抗生素组相比,混合植物精油组广西灵山土鸡末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量均提高(P<0.05);各组耗料增重比无显著性差异,且以混合植物精油组最低;各组间粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、磷及能量的表观消化率均差异不显著;在67日龄时,混合植物精油组新城疫抗体水平高于其他两组(P<0.05),新城疫抗体水平、马立克抗体水平总体较52日龄呈下降趋势(P>0.05),以混合植物精油组下降幅度最低。可见,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了广西灵山土鸡的生长性能、新城疫抗体水平,但对养分消化率和马立克氏抗体无显著影响。     

玉米自交系及杂交种抗青枯病鉴定

1986-1989年采用自然鉴定和人工土壤接种鉴定的方法，对602份玉米材料的青枯病抗性进行了鉴定。人工接种鉴定397份，其中204份材料表现抗病。在正常年份，人工接种鉴定效果明显好于自然鉴定，但在重病区或青枯病流行年份，在尚未具备人工接种条件时，利用自然发病作为选育抗病材料仍有一定效果。玉米苗期接种青枯病重于成株期     

KH2PO4对设施油桃果实糖积累及代谢相关酶活性的影响

以设施栽培的艳光油桃为试材,研究了设施栽培条件下,喷施KH2PO4处理对油桃果实中糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,幼果期喷施KH2PO4处理,果实葡萄糖和果糖含量明显增加,蔗糖含量没有明显变化,成熟期三种糖含量与对照均无明显差异;果实着色前KH2PO4处理显著增加了果实中蔗糖含量,但对葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响。幼果期和着色前喷施KH2PO4均显著提高了果实中蔗糖代谢酶活性。说明KH2PO4处理是通过全面提高果实中蔗糖代谢酶活性,起到提高库强作用,从而增加果实含糖量。     

外生菌根提高植物抗铝性机理研究进展

外生菌根真菌是土壤中一类重要的微生物,能与70%￣75%的森林树种形成外生菌根。它可以促进植物对养分的吸收和利用,提高酸性土壤上植物的抗铝性。外生菌根主要通过以下几方面来增强植物的抗铝能力:(1)扩大吸收面积,增加植物对养分的吸收;(2)排斥或吸附铝离子,阻止其向植物根系运输;(3)有机酸或其它有机物质的分泌增加,提高对铝离子的螯合和对钙、镁等离子的溶解能力;(4)增加激素的分泌,促进植物生长;(5)促进植物生长稀释铝和液泡区域化隔离铝。     

海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析

以野外考察和实验室分析为基础，通过对海南岛野生猪笼草资源进行了实地调查得到了大量可靠的第一手资料，基本弄清楚了猪笼草的生物学特性、生长习性、在海南岛的分布地点、土壤类型、伴生植物等基本情况；又通过对生长地的土壤养分和植物体养分含量、笼内消化液养分含量等进行比较分析，初步了解猪笼草对养分的需求状况，为进一步解决引种栽培问题的研究提供重要的科学依据。     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.     

Evaluation of proline analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching measurements as drought tolerance indicators in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Summary The possibility of using proline accumulation and fluorescence inhibition as predictive tests for drought tolerance in durum wheat has been investigated. The drought susceptibility of 25 genotypes was evaluated by comparing yields and yield components in irrigated and non irrigated conditions in the field. A drought susceptibility index (DSI) was calculated based on yields from irrigated and dry treatments and compared with the results obtained using the two physiological criteria. Proline accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence inhibition were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with DSI of grain yield, biological yield, and thousand kernel weight, and tiller index. The use of both criteria for breeding durum wheat in Mediterranean dryland is discussed.